Author: administrateur

22 Oct Incorporating the German Energiewende into a comprehensive European approach – New options for a common energy and climate policy

National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech)
2017
The working hypothesis underlying the academies’ position paper is that climate protection is the main objective in the efforts leading to a transition of the energy system (“Energiewende”). The statement describes different options for an incorporation of the German Energiewende into a comprehensive European approach. It focuses on the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) as a key instrument for tackling climate change and facilitating European market integration. Furthermore, it describes how the EU ETS could be complemented by measures strengthening the European internal electricity market. Subsequently, the issued recommendations are reviewed regarding their legal feasibility and compliance with European law.
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22 Oct Medical care for older people – what evidence do we need?

National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech)
2017
In Germany today, reaching a very old age is no longer an exception. About 4.5 million people (5.4 percent of the population) are 80 years of age and older, and their numbers continue to grow. In recent decades, the over 85-year-olds have been the group with the fastest and greatest gain in life span and many positive developments for this growing population group have been recorded. The increasing life expectancy and the improved health of older people over a longer period are also attributable to therapeutic and preventive measures, in addition to other factors. Sick old people, however, may possibly have entirely different medical needs than younger people; this is not sufficiently reflected in the German healthcare system. The high standard in medicine, not only in relation to medical care, but also in research of diseases and the development of therapies, focuses typically on middle-aged patients with a single disease. Accordingly, knowledge gained from the treatment of middle-aged people is frequently also applied for older patients – although they differ both physically and mentally from younger people in terms of their medical care priorities and personal circumstances. This does not comply with good scientific practice, and often leads not only to inappropriate care, but may occasionally also actually endanger the concerned patients. Older people, who frequently suffer from multiple chronic disorders, take many medications at the same time, each of which focuses on one individual ailment. This polypharmaceutical treatment does not at times correspond to the health targets of older patients and may even pose a considerable health risk. There is a lack of external evidence on how to improve treatment for multimorbid older and very old people. There is also a lack of guidelines that indicate the current knowledge gaps and risks. At the same time, important medications are often not offered. Therefore, research to provide specific scientific evidence specifically for older people is absolutely essential. New treatment objectives come to the fore and determine the indication for pharmacotherapeutic, surgical and other interventions: In younger patients cure, restoration of working ability or long-term prognoses determine the course of action. In older patients, these priorities are often replaced by independence, quality of life despite complaints, and the relief of symptoms. The pressure for a quick and effective change to the healthcare situation of older people is growing continuously in line with the rapid demographic change. Physicians, therapists and carers alike must adjust to old and very old people in their daily work – particularly in hospital care. This also applies to basic, advanced and continuing staff training and the cooperation with other health care providers. At all points in the medical care chain, from the lack of scientific evidence to the implementation in practical care, the focus must be on older people and their specific needs.
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22 Oct Academies call for consequences from the Ebola virus epidemic

National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech)
2017
The Ebola virus is spreading rapidly and to an unexpected extent. The outbreak does not follow the patterns experienced in the past and the virus shows a new disease dynamic in regions, where it has never been recorded before. The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, acatech – the German Academy of Science and Engineering, and the Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities call for the following consequences to be taken: To combat the Ebola epidemic vaccines and antivirals are urgently needed. To meet this need, the further development of experimental vaccines and medicines for clinical application needs to be accelerated. Even if the pathogen should temporarily disappear again, research must continue as a precautionary measure because another outbreak is highly probable. Such precautionary measures must also include ensuring that sufficient quantities of available vaccines and antivirals are stockpiled in case of a new outbreak. Increasing medical and social science research in this area is also vitally important for future preparedness.
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22 Oct On Designing Communication between the Scientific Community, the Public and the Media. Recommendations in light of current developments

National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech)
2017
Science and journalism are among the essential pillars of a democratic society. Despite their necessary mutual independence and their often divergent purposes, both freedoms also fulfil similar functions. They supply policy-makers and society with a diverse array of information that is as reliable as possible, reinforcing the education and knowledge of the population and stimulating democratic discourse. They should also provide a basis for reasoned political, economic and technological decisions. The academies responsible for this position paper believe that the appropriate exercise of this function is being impaired by a series of developments in the scientific and media systems. For example, the economic conditions in both the media and the scientific community have noticeably changed in recent years. The academies are concerned about the aforementioned development and consider it necessary that the scientific community and the media itself, as well as political decision-makers and society, take a more active role in ensuring the future quality of generally accessible information, including scientific knowledge and its representation in the media. The recommendations expressed in the present policy paper aim to provide food for thought for decision-making authorities and in this way to counter the undesirable developments that have been observed.
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22 Oct Food for All Forever

Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV)
2010
The world population is increasing and with this the amount of mouths to feed. How do we ensure that our food systems are environmentally, economically and socially sustainable; and that the world’s poorest people are no longer hungry? The answer to this enormous question contains the right technological solutions and massive investments in research combined with the right policy directions. The report gives seven elaborated recommendations. Some of the most important are: 1. Use appropriate technology and opportunities offered by science. 2. Massive investments in infrastructure in rural areas to be made. 3. Implementation of better policies that prevent distortions in trade and competition.
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22 Oct Scientific Development of Spin-Offs from Non-University Research Institutes

National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech)
2010
Innovations have a special significance in knowledge-based economies. The efficient knowledge and technology transfer from research to industry constitutes a decisive factor in the competition between the national economies. The commercial use of information via spin-offs in high-tech sectors plays a key part here. The study on hand on the economic development of spin-offs of non-university research institutes focuses primarily on spin-offs of the four main German research organizations: Fraunhofer Society, Helmholtz Community, Leibniz Community and Max Planck Society. The project was to (1) present the economic development of academic spin-offs on a systematic basis; (2) identify and analyze factors and events that exerted a decisive impact on this development; and (3) in particular, present the significance of early customer involvement for the development of the spin-offs.
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22 Oct Technologies for social development in isolated rural communities

Real Academia de Ingenieria (Spain) (RAI)
2011
Human development and international cooperation. The rural isolated communities. Suitable technologies and innovation for human development. Energy supply. Water and sanitation supplies. Access to ICT and network society services. Agriculture and forests management. Country and Landscape: the essential matrix. Towards an adequate technology to provide rural isolated communities with a basic habitability. Logistic and technology in humanitarian actions. The Spanish organizations and rural isolated communities’ development. Synthesis and outcomes. Sponsors’ point of view.
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21 Oct Population Growth, Climate and World Food Supply

National Academy of Technologies of France (NATF)
2011
This report studies the possibility to adequately feed 9 billion people in 2050, and shows that it is feasible, on certain conditions: - Give priority to the agricultural question among the political concerns of nations and set up ambitious programmes of agricultural development in the poorest countries. - Subsidize, for short periods, certain local agricultural markets, in southern countries whose populations live in self-sufficiency with a small production surplus. - Attenuate the effects of speculation in agricultural markets by better regulation of raw-material futures markets. - Build up stocks to constitute regional, or even family, reserves to avoid the risks of chronic deficits. - Maintain the strong production capacities of European agriculture but redirect it towards healthy and ecologically acceptable food production; - Encourage everybody to eat less animal food products; strengthen regulations governing agro-food industries and collective food preparation; combat waste, currently up to 30% of the production. - Tightly control or ban first-generation bio-fuels which are in direct competition with food production but continue research on 2nd and 3rd generation products. - Create an Observatory for Predicting World Food Situations and Markets to independently observe developments, interpret evolutions, propose hypotheses and scenarios, and anticipate dangers and suggest lines of solution. These recommendations are both for the public authorities and the entire civil society: individual behaviour must primarily change.
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21 Oct The Real Academia de Ingenieria headquarters. The history of the Villamagna Palace

Real Academia de Ingenieria (Spain) (RAI)
2009
The urban environment of Villafranca Marquises’ Palace up to the 19th Century. Palace building, structure, decoration and life stages. A new nobility stage. The property breaking down. Bibliography.
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21 Oct Philosophy of Engineering: Volume 1 of the proceedings of a series of seminars held at The Royal Academy of Engineering

Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) (RAEng)
2010
The papers in this volume are from the first three of a series of seminars in the philosophy of engineering organised by The Royal Academy of Engineering. The papers were given by philosophers and engineers with an interest in the philosophy of engineering who were invited to speak on a given theme, as described below. The results are a series of papers of great variety, showing a range of different perspectives on the philosophical issues that engineering raises. It is hoped that these will spark philosophical interest and will lead to further, deeper consideration of the topics explored in the seminars.
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